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A |     缤纷多彩                                                  艺术殿堂          [          [          ‌美术是一种通过视觉艺术形式表达情感和思想的艺术门类。‌它包括绘画、雕塑、设计、建筑等多种形式，旨在通过色彩、线条、形状等元素创造出具有美感和表现力的作品。         美术不仅是一种艺术表达方式，更是一种能够提升个人能力和情感体验的活动。    Bucyibaruta, 78, was found guilty of complicity in the massacres of nearly 1 million people in 1994 by the Hutu Power movement.,In particular, he was found responsible for leading thousands of Tutsis to take refuge in the Murambi Technical School, promising that French troops there would protect them from the violence. Instead, the refugees were denied food and water for days. The weakened refugees defended themselves with rocks for several days, but were overrun on April 21, 1994, when the French troops disappeared. At least 20,000 Tutsis were executed at the school, while those who escaped were found and killed at a nearby church a few days later.,The school is now a memorial and museum about the genocide, which ended that summer, roughly 100 days after it began, when the Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) led by now-President Paul Kagame overthrew the Hutu Power government.,The French court also looked at Bucyibaruta's responsibility for another smaller massacre at a school in Kibeho, and the execution of several Tutsi prisoners in Gikongoro prison. In the trial, the former prefect denied all responsibility or connection, saying he “was never on the side of the killers.”,Bucyibaruta is the highest-ranking Rwandan official who has been taken to trial in France in connection with the genocide. In May, Protais Mpiranya, who was commander of the Rwandan presidential guard at the time of the genocide and played a key role in drawing up and executing the “kill lists” of officials during its initial stages, was found to have died in Zimbabwe in 2006, where he hid under a false name.,The killing was the product of decades of divide-and-rule colonial policy by German and then Belgian rulers, and continued by France after Rwanda gained independence in 1960. The teachings pitted the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups against each other, with Hutus being taught that the Tutsis were invaders occupying their land. The Hutu Power ideology elevated this attitude to genocidal proportions, and after then-Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana’s aircraft was shot down on April 6, 1994, his Hutu allies sprung into action, blaming Tutsis as well as moderate Hutus for the attack.,Roughly 10,000 Twa people, a separate ethnic group, were also killed in the genocide, amounting to one-third of the Twa population.,In February, a French court blocked an attempt by families of the victims of the crash to reopen an investigation that had ended inconclusively. The crash also killed Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira; both men were Hutus.,In May 2021, French President Emmanuel Macron met with Kagame in Kigali, but while he did not apologize for France’s support for the Rwandan government at the start of the genocide, he did acknowledge “the magnitude of our responsibilities.”,Two other French reports from earlier that year found the government of then-French President Francois Mitterrand bore “overwhelming responsibilities” for the genocide for continuing its divide-and-rule tactics while being fully aware of Hutu preparations for a genocide of Tutsis, as well as arming, advising and protecting the Hutu-led Rwandan government.,After the Hutu government was overthrown in July 1994, its remnants fled across the western border into Zaire, and soon began mounting new attacks. When the Rwandan military, now Tutsi-led, intervened in Zaire to hunt down the Hutu militias, it helped set in motion the destruction of Zaire, the foundation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the decadelong Congo Wars that drew in half of Africa and killed more than 5 million people.,The present-day tensions between DR Congo and Rwanda over militia groups in Congo’s North Kivu Province is part of the continued fallout of that conflict, with Kigali claiming that Kinshasa backs the Hutu Power group Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) and Kinshasa saying Kigali backs the Tutsi M23 militia that is fighting them.。通过美术，人们可以表达自己的情感、观察力和创造力。绘画过程中，人们学会细品生活的细节，用心感受每一刻的美好。美术还能促进左右脑均衡发展，提升审美能力和创造力，帮助人们在忙碌的生活中找到宁静和成就感。

B |                              绘画          绘画种类繁多，从不同的角度可将它划分为不同的类别。从地域看，绘画可分为东方绘画和西洋绘画；从工具材料看，绘画可分为水墨画、油画、壁画、版画、水彩画、水粉画等；从题材内容看，绘画可分为人物画、风景画、静物画、动物画等；从作品的形式看，绘画可分为壁画、年画、连环画、漫画、宣传画、油画，吹画、插图等。不同类别的绘画形式，由于各自的历史传统不同，都有着各自独特的表现形式与审美特征。         中国画又称国画，它在世界绘画领域中自成体系，独具特色，是东方绘画体系的主流。在工具材料上，中国画是用毛笔、墨在宣纸、绢帛上作画的，它讲究笔墨，着眼于用笔墨造型。在表现方法上，中国画采用一种散点透视的方法；在画面的构成上，中国画讲究诗、书、画、印交相辉映，形成独特的形式美与内容美。油画是西洋绘画的代表，它是世界绘画艺术中最有影响的画种。                             雕塑          雕塑是用可雕刻和塑造的物质材料制作出具有实体形象、以表达思想感情的一种艺术形式。雕塑的种类可以从不同角度来划分。从制作工艺来分，雕塑可分为雕和塑。雕是从完整而坚固的坯体上把多余部分删削、挖凿掉，如石雕、木雕、玉雕等，塑是用具有粘结性的材料联接、构成为所需要的形体，如 泥塑、 陶塑等。从题材来分，雕塑可分为纪念性雕塑、建筑装饰性雕塑、城市园林雕塑、宗教雕塑、陵墓雕塑、陈列性雕塑。从表现形式来分，雕塑可分为圆雕、浮雕。圆雕是不附在任何背景上，可从四面八方观赏的立体雕塑。浮雕是在平面上雕出凸起的艺术形象。

C |                              工艺美术          工艺美术是指日常生活用品经过艺术化处理以后，使之具有强烈的审美价值的产品。

D | 我们一般把工艺美术分为实用工艺美术和陈设欣赏的工艺美术。

E | 实用工艺美术是整个工艺美术的主体和基础，包括衣、食、化、行、用的工艺品类，实用价值是这类工艺品的主要价值，审美价值是作为辅助价值存在的。这类工艺品包括经过装饰加工的茶餐具、灯具、木器家具、绣花制品、草竹编织品等等。

F | 陈设欣赏工艺品是指那些以摆设、观赏功能为主的工艺品，这类工艺品以审美为其首要价值，手工技艺性很强，实用价值已不明显或完全消失，如玉器、金银首饰、象牙雕刻、景泰蓝、漆器、壁挂、陶艺等。                             建筑艺术          建筑是建筑物和构筑物的统称。是人类用砖、石、瓦、木、铁等物质材 料在固定的地理位置上修建或构筑内外空间、用来居住和活动等的艺术。

G | 建筑艺术则是指按照美的规律，运用建筑艺术独特的艺术语言，使建筑形象具有文化价值和审美价值，具有象征性和形式美，体现出民族性和时代感。以其功能性特点为标准，建筑艺术可分为纪念性建筑、宫殿陵墓建筑、宗教建筑、住宅建筑、园林建筑、生产建筑等类型。

H | 从总体来说，建筑艺术与工艺美术一样，也是一种实用性与审美性相结合的艺术。建筑的本质是人类建造以供居住和活动的生活场所，所以，实用性是建筑的首要功能；只是随着人类实践的发展，物质技术的进步，建筑越来越具有审美价值。                                       【END】          美术的历史悠久，文化底蕴深厚。而中国美术史长达1600年，拥有无数传世名作，如《千里江山图》、《富春山居图》等。这些作品不仅展示了中国古代艺术家的精湛技艺，也反映了不同历史时期的社会生活和审美趣味。伏尔泰曾说，古老、优美、神秘的东方美举世无双。                             编辑\李丽玲          校对\张逸群          审核\洪舒琪          翔安区图书馆出品          特别声明：本公众号仅用于公共宣传推广，不用于任何商业用途。转载文章及图片、视频、音频等版权均属原作者。如有侵权，请联系删除。

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